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【原文】

 

子路曾皙(1)冉有公西華侍坐。子曰:「以吾一日長乎爾(2),毋吾以也(3)。居(4)則曰:『不吾知也!』如或知爾,則何以哉(5)?」子路率爾(6)而對,曰:「千乘之國,攝(7)乎大國之間閒,加之以師旅(8),因(9)之以饑饉(10),由也為之,比及(11)三年,可使有勇,且知方也。」夫子哂(12)之。「求,爾何如?」對曰:「方六七十,如(13)五六十,求也為之,比及三年,可使足民(14);如其禮樂,以俟(15)君子。」「赤,爾何如?」對曰:「非曰能之,願學焉!宗廟之事(16),如會同(17),端章甫(18),願為小相(19)焉。」「點,爾何如?」鼓瑟希(20),鏗爾(21),舍瑟而作(22)。對曰:「異乎三子者之撰(23)。」子曰:「何傷乎?赤各言其志也。」曰:「莫春(24)者,春服(25)既成;冠者(26)五六人,童子六七人,浴乎沂(27),風乎舞雩(28),詠(29)而歸。」夫子喟然歎曰:「吾與(30)點也!」三子者出,曾皙後。曾皙曰:「夫三子者之言何如?」子曰:「亦各言其志也已矣!」曰:「夫子何哂由也?」曰:「為國以禮,其言不讓,是故哂之。」「唯求則非邦也與?」「安見方六七十,如五六十,而非邦也者。」「唯赤非邦也與?」「宗廟會同,非諸侯而何?赤也為之小,孰能為之大(31)!」

【英文】

When Zi-lu, Zeng Xi, Ran You and Gong-xi Hua were seated in attendance, the Master said, “Do not feel constrained simply because I am somewhat older than you are. Now you are in the habit of saying, ‘My abilities are not appreciated, ‘but if someone did appreciate your abilities, do tell me how you would go about things.”

Zi-lu promptly answered, “If I were to administer a state of a thousand chariots, situated between powerful neighbours, troubled by armed invasions and by repeated famines, I could, within three years, give the people courage and a sense of direction.”

The Master smiled at him.

“Qiu, what about you?”

“If I were to administer an area measuring sixty or seventy li square, or even fifty or sixty li square, I could, within three years, bring the size of the population up to an adequate level. As to the rites and music, I would leave that to able gentlemen.”

“Chi, how about you?”

“I do not say that I already have the ability, but I am ready to learn. On ceremonial occasions in the ancestral temple or in diplomatic gatherings, I should like to assist as a minor official in charge of protocol, properly dressed in my ceremonial cap and robes.”

“Dian, how about you?”

After strumming a few dying notes and the final chord, he stood up from his lute. “I differ from the other three in my choice.”

The Master said, “What harm is there in that? After all each man is stating what he has set his heart upon.”

“In late spring, after the spring clothes have been newly made, I should like, together with five or six adults and six or seven boys, to go bathing in the River Yi and enjoy the breeze on the Rain Altar, and then to go home chanting poetry.”

The Master sighed and said, “I am all in favour of Dian.”

When the three left, Zeng Xi stayed behind. He said, “What do you think of what the other three said?”

“They were only stating what they had set their hearts upon.”

“Why did you smile at You?”

“It is by the rites that a state is administered, but in the way he spoke You showed a lack of modesty. That is why I smiled at him.”

“In the case of Qiu, was he not concerned with a state?”

“What can justify one in saying that sixty or seventy li square or indeed fifty or sixty li square do not deserve the name of ‘state’ ?“

“In the case of Chi, was he not concerned with a state?”

“What are ceremonial occasions in the ancestral temple and diplomatic gatherings if not matters which concern rulers of feudal states? If Chi plays only a minor part, who would be able to play a major role?”

 

【注釋】

(1)曾皙,姓曾名點,曾参父,孔子弟子。

(2)以吾一日長乎爾,言我雖年稍長於爾輩。

(3)毋吾以也,謂爾輩不必以我年長而難言。

(4)居,平居,平日。

(5)何以哉,言將何以為用也。以,用也。

(6)率爾,輕遽貌。

(7)攝,脅迫。

(8)師旅,言侵伐之事。古二千五百人為師,五百人為旅。

(9)因,仍;連接。

(10)饑饉,饑荒。榖不熟曰饑;菜不熟曰饉。

(11)比及,將及。

(12)哂,微笑。

(13)如,或也。

(14)足民,使民富足。

(15)俟,等待。

(16)宗廟之事,謂祭祀。

(17)會同,諸侯相會見。諸侯相見曰會,眾見曰同。

(18)端章甫,端,玄端,古代禮服。章甫,古代禮帽。

(19)小相,擯相,贊君之禮者。言小,謙詞。

(20)希,指瑟聲希落。

(21)鏗爾,鏗然;投瑟之聲。

(22)舍瑟而作,舍,捨去。言推開瑟而起立。

(23)撰,具也。所具之志。

(24)莫春,即暮春,農曆三月。

(25)春服,單衣夾衣。

(26)冠者,古男子二十而冠,言成年人。

(27)浴乎沂,言浴乎沂水之上。浴,盥濯。指洗面、洗手。

(28)風乎舞雩,言風涼於舞雩之下。風,乘涼。猶今之兜風。舞雩,地名。為祭天禱雨之處,風光明媚,為魯之風景區,可供遊賞。

(29)詠,歌詠。

(30)與,贊同。

(31)赤也為之小孰能為之大,赤謙言小相耳,誰能為大相。

【翻譯】

子路、曾皙、冉有、公西華四人陪侍孔子坐著。孔子說:「不必因為我的年紀比你們稍大些你們就拘束起來。平時你們常說:『沒有人知道我!』如果有人知道你們,能用你們,那麼你們將怎樣做呢?」子路連忙答道:「假定有個擁有一千輛兵車的國家,被大國所脅迫,外面有軍隊來侵伐它,國內又鬧饑荒。讓我來治理這個國家,只要三年,便可使老百姓有勇氣並且懂得一些大道理。」孔子微微的向他一笑。「冉求!你怎麼樣?」冉求回答說:「假定有方圓六七十里或再小ㄧ點五六十里的小國家,讓我來治理;只要三年,可以使老百姓人人富足。至於修明禮樂,只好等待有才德的人來推行了。」「公西赤!你怎麼樣?」公西赤回答說:「我不敢說能做得怎麼好,但願意學習這些。像宗廟裡的祭祀,諸侯相會見,穿著禮服,戴好禮帽,我願義在那裏做個小司儀。」「曾點,你怎麼樣?」曾皙正在彈瑟,聽得老師叫他,便停止彈瑟,聲音漸漸稀落,隨即鏗的一聲,推開瑟站了起來。回答道:「我和他們三位的抱負不同。」孔子說:「那有什麼關係呢?只是各人說說自己的志願罷了。」曾皙說:「當暮春時節,穿上春天的服裝,邀青年人五六個、小孩子六七個,到沂水邊玩玩水,洗洗手臉,再到舞雩那兒去兜兜風,然後一路唱著歌回來。」孔子喟然嘆道:「我贊同曾點的主張啊!」子路、冉有、公西華三人出去了,曾皙留在後面。曾皙問:「他們三位說得怎麼樣?」孔子說:「不過是各人說說自己的志向罷了。」曾皙說:「那麼老師為什麼要笑仲由呢!」孔子說:「治理國家靠的是禮,他講話沒有一點禮讓,所以才笑他。」「那麼冉求所說的,好像不是治理一個國家啊?」孔子說:「怎見得方圓六七十里或五六十里的土地就不是一個國家呢?」「公西赤所說的,也不像治理一個國家啊?」孔子說:「宗廟會同這些事,不是諸侯的事是什麼?公西赤願意只做個國家的小司儀,那麼又有誰能夠做一個國家的大司儀呢?」

【主旨】孔子閒暇時,巳弟子侍坐,因使各言其志,以觀其器能,末並道出孔子之志,亦在乎教化。

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【參考文獻】

1、譚家哲,《論語平解》,〈學而〉,大雁文化事業,2012。

2、《新譯四書讀本》,〈學而〉,三民書局,2009。

3、網頁http://www.taiwanus.net/E/E_4/E_4_11.htm

4、楊伯峻  今譯,劉殿爵  英譯,《論語》(Confucius The Analects),聯經出版事業,Chinese-English edition,2009。

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