【原文】

 

子路曰:「衛君(1)待子而為政,子將奚先(2)?」子曰:「必也正名(3)乎!」子路曰:「有是哉?子之迂(4)也!奚其正?」子曰:「野(5)哉,由也!君子於其所不知,蓋闕如(6)也。名不正,則言不順(7);言不順,則事不成;事不成,則禮樂不興;禮樂不興,則刑罰不中(8);刑罰不中,則民無所措手足。故君子名之必可言也,言之必可行也。君子於其言,無所茍(9)而已矣!」

【英文】

Zi-lu said, “If the Lord of Wei left the administration (zheng) of his state to you, what would you put first?”

The Master said, “If something has to be put first, it is, perhaps, the rectification (zheng) of names.”

Zi-lu said, “How extraordinary the roundabout way you take! Why bring rectification in at all?”

The Master said, “You, how boorish you are. Where a gentleman is ignorant, one would expect him not to offer any opinion. When names are not correct, what is said will not sound reasonable; when what is said does not sound reasonable, affairs will not culminate in success; when affairs do not culminate in success, rites and music will not flourish; when rites and music do not flourish, punishments will not be exactly right; when punishments are not exactly right, the common people will not know where to put hand and foot. Thus when the gentleman names something, the name is sure to be usable in speech, and when he says something this is sure to be practicable. The thing about the gentleman is that he is anything but casual where speech is concerned.”

 

【注釋】

(1)衛君,指出公輒,父蒯聵亡在外,衛人立輒而拒之。是時魯哀公十年,孔子自楚反至衛。

(2)奚先,何者為先。奚,何。

(3)正名,正名分,即正君臣、父子之名分。

(4)迂,迂闊。謂遠於事情,言不切實際。

(5)野,鄙俗。責其率爾妄對。

(6)闕如,擱置一邊而不談。闕,缺也。如,語助詞,無義。

(7)言不順,謂言不順理。

(8)中,中理;合於理。

(9)無所茍,謂ㄧ名ㄧ言,皆不可輕率苟且。

【翻譯】

子路說:「衛君等待老師去輔助他治理國政,老師準備首先做什麼事情呢?」孔子說:「那一定要先正名分吧!」子路說:「有此必要嗎?老師真是迂遠不切實際!何必要正名分呢?」孔子說:「真是粗俗啊!仲由啊!君子對於他所不了解的事情,擱置而不說。要知道名分不正,說出來的話就不能合理;話不合理,做事就不能成功;做事不能成功,禮樂制度就不能夠推行;禮樂制度就不能夠推行,刑罰便不得當;刑罰不得當,老百姓就不知道怎樣做才好。所以君子先定下名分,才能說出和它相應的話來。事情才能辦得通。君子對於自己所說的話,都不敢隨便苟且啊!」

【主旨】為政在先正名。

 

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【參考文獻】

1、譚家哲,《論語平解》,〈學而〉,大雁文化事業,2012。

2、《新譯四書讀本》,〈學而〉,三民書局,2009。

3、網頁http://www.taiwanus.net/E/E_4/E_4_13.htm

4、楊伯峻  今譯,劉殿爵  英譯,《論語》(Confucius The Analects),聯經出版事業,Chinese-English edition,2009。

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