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【原文】

 

季氏將伐顓臾(1)冉有季路見於孔子曰:「季氏將有事(2)於顓臾。」孔子曰:「求,無乃爾是過與?夫顓臾,昔者先王以為東蒙主(3),且在邦域之中(4)矣;是社稷之臣(5)也,何以伐為(6)?」冉有曰:「夫子(7)欲之;吾二臣者,皆不欲也。」孔子曰:「求!周任(8)有言曰:『陳力就列,不能者止(9)。』危而不持,顛(10)而不扶,則將焉用彼相(11)矣?且爾言過矣!虎兕(12)出於柙(13),龜玉毀於櫝(14)中,是誰之過與?」冉有曰:「今夫顓臾,固(15)而近於費(16);今不取,後世必為子孫憂。」孔子曰:「求!君子疾夫舍曰欲之(17)而必為之辭(18)。丘也,聞有國有家者,不患寡而患不均,不患貧而患不安(19);蓋均無貧,和無寡,安無傾。夫如是,故遠人不服,則修文德(20)以來(21)之。既來之,則安之。今由與求也,相夫子,遠人不服而不能來也,邦分崩離析(22),而不能守也,而謀動干戈(23)於邦內,吾恐季孫之憂,不在顓臾,而在蕭牆之內(24)也!」

【英文】

The head of the Ji family was going to launch an attack on Zhuan Yu. Ran You and Zi-lu went to see Confucius and said, “The Ji family are going to take action against Zhuan Yu.”

Confucius said, “Qiu, surely it is you who are at fault? Formerly, a royal ancestor of ours gave Zhuan Yu the responsibility of sacrificing to the Dong Meng Mountain; moreover, their territory now lies within our boundaries. Thus they are a bulwark of the state. What reason can there be for attacking them?”

Ran You said, “It is what our master wishes. Neither of us is in favour of it.”

Confucius said, “Qiu, there is a saying of Zhou Ren’s which goes: displaying your strength you join the ranks, but, finding yourself wanting, you give up. What use to a blind man is the assistant who does not steady him when he totters or support him when he falls. Moreover, what you said is quite wrong. Whose fault is it when the tiger and the rhinoceros escape from their cages or when the tortoise shell and the jade are destroyed in their caskets?”

Ran You said, “But Zhuan Yu is strongly fortified and close to Bi. If it is not taken now, it is sure to be a source or trouble for tne descendants or our master in the future.”

Confucius said, “Qiu, the gentleman detests those who, rather than saying outright that they want something, can be counted on to offer a plausible pretext instead. What I have heard is that the head of a state or a noble family worries not about underpopulation but about uneven distribution, not about poverty but about instability. For where there is even distribution there is no such thing as poverty, where there is harmony there is no such thing as underpopulation  and where there is stability there is no such thing as overturning. It is for this reason that when distant subjects are unsubmissive one cultivates one’s moral quality in order to attract them, and once they have come one makes them content. But you and You have not been able either to help your master to attract the distant subjects when they are unsubmissive or to preserve the state when it is disintegrating. Instead, you propose to resort to the use of arms within the state itself. I am afraid that Ji-sun’s worries lie not in Zhuan Yu but within the walls of his palace.”

 

【注釋】

(1)顓臾,國名,魯之附庸國。

(2)有事,指攻伐之事。

(3)東蒙主,蒙,山名。在魯東,故曰東蒙。言先王封顓臾於此山之下,使主其祭。

(4)邦域之中,言在魯國境內。

(5)社稷之臣,即今所謂國家之屬臣。社稷,猶云公家。

(6)為,語末助詞,表疑問。

(7)夫子,此言季氏。

(8)周任,古之良史。

(9)陳力就列不能者止,言居其位當盡才力而為,不能施展才力,則當辭去。陳,佈也。列,位也。止,去位。

(10)顛,仆也。

(11)相,扶導盲者之人。

(12)兕,野牛。

(13)柙,柵欄。

(14)櫝,匣也。

(15)固,謂城郭完備堅固。

(16)費,地名。季氏之私邑。

(17)舍曰欲之,捨其貪利之說。

(18)辭,指飾辭。

(19)不患寡而患不均二句,當作「不患貧而患不均,不患寡而患不安」。言不患財乏也,而患財富不平均,不患民戶少,而患不能相安。

(20)文德,謂文治之德。

(21)來,招徠;招致。

(22)分崩離析,言民有異心,欲去,不可會聚。指各懷異心,不能團結。

(23)干戈,言戰爭。干,楯。戈,戟。

(24)蕭牆之內,國君的屏風之內,指魯君。牆,屏也。君臣相見之禮,至屏而加肅敬,故曰蕭牆。言不均不和,內變將作,其後哀公果欲以越伐魯而去季氏。

【翻譯】

季氏準備去攻打顓臾。冉有、子路去見孔子說:「季氏準備出兵討伐顓臾了。」孔于說:「冉求!這豈不是你的過失嗎?那顓臾從前是我們的先王封他為東蒙山的主祭人,而且在魯國的境內,也是魯國的臣屬,為何還要討伐它呢?」冉有說:「這是季氏想要這樣做,我和子路本來都不同意的。」孔子說:「冉求!從前周任說過:『擔任一項職務,當盡力去做,如果不能盡才力,便該辭去該職位。』譬如扶導盲人,遇到危險的地方不扶持他,快摔倒了卻不扶住他,那又何必要扶導盲人的人呢?何況你的話已錯了。好比老虎野牛從從柵欄裡跑掉,龜甲和美玉在匣子中毀壞了,這不是管理人失職,又是誰的過失呢?」冉有說:「如今的顓臾,城郭堅固,又靠見季氏的私邑費縣,現在不攻取,後代必定成為子孫們的禍害。」孔子說:「冉求!君子最討厭的,就是不說自己的貪欲,而還要為自己說些掩飾的話。我聽人講過,一個諸侯的國,或卿大夫的家,不愁財富少,只愁財富不能平均;不愁人民少,只愁上下不能相安。因為財富平均,就無所謂貧窮;人民和諧相處,就不會覺得人少。境內安定就不會傾覆。能這樣,遠方的人還不歸服,便整頓禮樂文教來招致他們。他們既然來了,更要安頓他們。現在仲由和冉求,你們輔佐季氏,遠方的人不歸服,卻不能招致,國家分離瓦解,卻不能保持完整,反而想在國內發動戰爭。我恐怕季氏的憂患,並不在顓臾,而在國君的屏風之內哩。」

【主旨】論魯卿季氏專恣征伐之事。

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【參考文獻】

1、譚家哲,《論語平解》,〈學而〉,大雁文化事業,2012。

2、《新譯四書讀本》,〈學而〉,三民書局,2009。

3、網頁http://www.taiwanus.net/E/E_4/E_4_16.htm

4、楊伯峻  今譯,劉殿爵  英譯,《論語》(Confucius The Analects),聯經出版事業,Chinese-English edition,2009。

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