【原文】
孔子曰:「天下有道,則禮樂征伐,自天子出(1);天下無道,則禮樂征伐,自諸侯出;自諸侯出,蓋十世希(2)不失矣;自大夫出,五世希不失矣;陪臣(3)執國命,三世希不失矣。天下有道,則政不在大夫(4);天下有道,則庶人不議(5)。」
【英文】
Confucius said, “When the Way prevails in the Empire, the rites and music and punitive expeditions are initiated by the Emperor. When the Way does not prevail in the Empire, they are initiated by the feudal lords. When they are initiated by the feudal lords, it is surprising if power does not pass from their descendants within ten generations. When they are initiated by the Counsellors, it is surprising if power does not pass from their descendants within five generations. When the prerogative to command in a state is in the hands of officials of the Counsellors, it is surprising if power does not pass from their descendants within three generations. When the Way prevails in the Empire, policy does not rest with the Counsellors. When the Way prevails in the Empire, the Commoners do not express critical views.”
【注釋】
(1)禮樂征伐自天子出,古制非天子不得變禮樂,專征伐。
(2)希,少也。
(3)陪臣,家臣。
(4)政不在大夫,言大夫不得專政。
(5)庶人不議,上無失政,則下無私議,非箝制其口使不敢言。
【翻譯】
孔子說:「天下太平的時候,制作禮樂、出兵征伐都由天子決定;天下昏亂的時候,制作禮樂、出兵征伐就由諸侯決定。由諸侯決定,那麼這個國家大概再傳十代,很少有不亡的;由大夫決定,那麼這個國家大概再傳五代,很少有不亡的;大夫的家臣把持國家的政權,那麼這個國家大概再傳三代,很少有不亡的。天下太平的時候,國家最高的政權不會落在大夫的手裡。天下太平的時候,民眾也不會議論政治了。」
【主旨】通論天下之勢。
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【參考文獻】
1、譚家哲,《論語平解》,〈學而〉,大雁文化事業,2012。
2、《新譯四書讀本》,〈學而〉,三民書局,2009。
3、網頁http://www.taiwanus.net/E/E_4/E_4_16.htm
4、楊伯峻 今譯,劉殿爵 英譯,《論語》(Confucius The Analects),聯經出版事業,Chinese-English edition,2009。
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